Backplane footprint for high speed, high density electrical connectors

ABSTRACT

A printed circuit board includes a plurality of layers including conductive layers separated by dielectric layers, the conductive layers including a signal layer; and via patterns formed in the plurality of layers, each of the via patterns comprising first and second signal vias extending from a first surface of the printed circuit board to the signal layer, the signal layer including first and second signal traces connected to the first and second signal vias, respectively, the signal layer further including a ground conductor located between the signal traces and adjacent signal-carrying elements.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 16/837,222,filed Apr. 1, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,096,270, which is a divisionalof application Ser. No. 16/223,195, filed Dec. 18, 2018, now U.S. Pat.No. 10,638,599, which is a divisional of application Ser. No.15/807,444, filed Nov. 8, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,201,074, which is acontinuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 15/452,096, filed Mar. 7,2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,187,972, which claims priority based onProvisional Application No. 62/305,049, filed Mar. 8, 2016. Theseapplications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

This patent application relates generally to interconnection systems,such as those including electrical connectors, used to interconnectelectronic assemblies.

Electrical connectors are used in many electronic systems. It isgenerally easier and more cost effective to manufacture a system asseparate electronic assemblies, such as printed circuit boards (“PCBs”),which may be joined together with electrical connectors. A knownarrangement for joining several printed circuit boards is to have oneprinted circuit board serve as a backplane. Other printed circuitboards, called “daughter boards” or “daughter cards,” may be connectedthrough the backplane.

A known backplane has the form of a printed circuit board onto whichmany connectors may be mounted. Conductive traces in the backplane maybe electrically connected to signal conductors in the connectors so thatsignals may be routed between the connectors. Daughter cards may alsohave connectors mounted thereon. The connectors mounted on a daughtercard may be plugged into the connectors mounted on the backplane. Inthis way, signals may be routed among the daughter cards through thebackplane. The daughter cards may plug into the backplane at a rightangle. The connectors used for these applications may therefore includea right angle bend and are often called “right angle connectors.” Otherknown connectors include, but are not limited to, orthogonal midplaneconnectors and midplaneless direct attachment orthogonal connectors.

Connectors may also be used in other configurations for interconnectingprinted circuit boards and for interconnecting other types of devices,such as cables, to printed circuit boards. Sometimes, one or moresmaller printed circuit boards may be connected to another largerprinted circuit board. In such a configuration, the larger printedcircuit board may be called a “mother board” and the printed circuitboards connected to it may be called daughter boards. Also, boards ofthe same size or similar sizes may sometimes be aligned in parallel.Connectors used in these applications are often called “stackingconnectors” or “mezzanine connectors.”

Regardless of the exact application, electrical connector designs havebeen adapted to mirror trends in the electronics industry. Electronicsystems generally have gotten smaller, faster, and functionally morecomplex. Because of these changes, the number of circuits in a givenarea of an electronic system, along with the frequencies at which thecircuits operate, have increased significantly in recent years. Currentsystems pass more data between printed circuit boards and requireelectrical connectors that are electrically capable of handling moredata at higher speeds than connectors of even a few years ago.

In a high density, high speed connector, electrical conductors may be soclose to each other that there may be electrical interference betweenadjacent signal conductors. To reduce interference, and to otherwiseprovide desirable electrical properties, shield members are often placedbetween or around adjacent signal conductors. The shields may preventsignals carried on one conductor from creating “crosstalk” on anotherconductor. The shield may also impact the impedance of each conductor,which may further affect electrical properties.

Examples of shielding can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,632,476 and4,806,107, which show connector designs in which shields are usedbetween columns of signal contacts. These patents describe connectors inwhich the shields run parallel to the signal contacts through both thedaughter board connector and the backplane connector. Cantilevered beamsare used to make electrical contact between the shield and the backplaneconnectors. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,433,617, 5,429,521, 5,429,520, and5,433,618 show a similar arrangement, although the electrical connectionbetween the backplane and shield is made with a spring type contact.Shields with torsional beam contacts are used in the connectorsdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,299,438. Further shields are shown in U.S.Publication No. 2013/0109232.

Other connectors have the shield plate within only the daughter boardconnector. Examples of such connector designs can be found in U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,846,727, 4,975,084, 5,496,183, and 5,066,236. Another connectorwith shields only within the daughter board connector is shown in U.S.Pat. No. 5,484,310. U.S. Pat. No. 7,985,097 is a further example of ashielded connector.

Other techniques may be used to control the performance of a connector.For example, transmitting signals differentially may reduce crosstalk.Differential signals are carried on a pair of conductive paths, called a“differential pair.” The voltage difference between the conductive pathsrepresents the signal. In general, a differential pair is designed withpreferential coupling between the conductive paths of the pair. Forexample, the two conductive paths of a differential pair may be arrangedto run closer to each other than to adjacent signal paths in theconnector. No shielding is desired between the conductive paths of thepair, but shielding may be used between differential pairs. Electricalconnectors can be designed for differential signals as well as forsingle-ended signals. Examples of differential signal electricalconnectors are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,293,827, 6,503,103, 6,776,659,7,163,421, and 7,794,278.

In an interconnection system, such connectors are attached to printedcircuit boards, one of which may serve as a backplanes for routingsignals between the electrical connectors and for providing referenceplanes to which reference conductors in the connectors may be grounded.Typically the backplane is formed as a multi-layer assembly manufacturedfrom stacks of dielectric sheets, sometimes called “prepreg”. Some orall of the dielectric sheets may have a conductive film on one or bothsurfaces. Some of the conductive films may be patterned, usinglithographic or laser printing techniques, to form conductive tracesthat are used to make interconnections between circuit boards, circuitsand/or circuit elements. Others of the conductive films may be leftsubstantially intact and may act as ground planes or power planes thatsupply the reference potentials. The dielectric sheets may be formedinto an integral board structure such as by pressing the stackeddielectric sheets together under pressure.

To make electrical connections to the conductive traces or ground/powerplanes, holes may be drilled through the printed circuit board. Theseholes, or “vias”, are filled or plated with metal such that a via iselectrically connected to one or more of the conductive traces or planesthrough which it passes.

To attach connectors to the printed circuit board, contact pins orcontact “tails” from the connectors may be inserted into the vias, withor without using solder. The vias are sized to accept the contact tailsof the connector.

As in the case of the connectors that attach to the printed circuitboards, the electrical performance of printed circuit boards is at leastpartially dependent on the structures of the conductive traces, groundplanes and vias formed in the printed circuit boards. Further,electrical performance issues become more acute as the density of signalconductors and the operating frequencies of the connectors increase.Such electrical performance issues may include, but are not limited to,crosstalk between closely-spaced signal conductors.

SUMMARY

In accordance with embodiments, a printed circuit board comprises aplurality of layers including conductive layers separated by dielectriclayers, the conductive layers including a signal layer; and via patternsformed in the plurality of layers, each of the via patterns comprisingfirst and second signal vias extending from a first surface of theprinted circuit board to the signal layer, the signal layer includingfirst and second signal traces connected to the first and second signalvias, respectively, the signal layer further including a groundconductor located between the signal traces and adjacent signal-carryingelements.

In some embodiments, the ground conductor comprises a conductive area onthe signal layer, the conductive area being connected to ground.

In some embodiments, the ground conductor comprises a plurality ofconductive areas on the signal layer, each of the conductive areas beingconnected to ground.

In some embodiments, the ground conductor comprises a conductive striplocated between the signal traces and the adjacent signal-carryingelements.

In some embodiments, the via patterns form a connector footprint formounting of a connector and the ground conductor is located within theconnector footprint.

In accordance with further embodiments, a printed circuit boardcomprises a plurality of layers including conductive layers separated bydielectric layers, the conductive layers including at least one signallayer, the signal layer comprising signal traces and a ground conductorlocated between the signal traces and adjacent signal-carrying elements,the ground conductor being connected to ground.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the disclosed technology, reference ismade to the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein byreference and in which:

FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a high speed, high density electricalconnector, a backplane and a daughter board;

FIG. 2 is a side view of a wafer forming a portion of the electricalconnector of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 3 is a partial top view of a connector footprint on a printedcircuit board, corresponding to two wafers in the electrical connectorof FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 4 is a partial cross-section of a printed circuit board;

FIG. 5A is a partial top view of a connector footprint on a printedcircuit board, in accordance with embodiments;

FIG. 5B is an enlarged top view of one of the via patterns shown in FIG.5A, in accordance with embodiments;

FIG. 6 is a partial cross section of the printed circuit board of FIG. 5, in accordance with embodiments;

FIG. 7 is an enlarged top view of a via pattern of a connector footprintof a printed circuit board, in accordance with embodiments;

FIG. 8 is an enlarged top view of a via pattern in a signal breakoutlayer, in accordance with embodiments;

FIG. 9 is a partial top view of a connector footprint on a printedcircuit board, showing a signal layer in accordance with embodiments;

FIG. 10 is an enlarged top view of the signal layer shown in FIG. 9 , inaccordance with embodiments;

FIG. 11 is a partial top view of a connector footprint on a printedcircuit board, showing a signal layer in accordance with embodiments;and

FIG. 12 is a partial top view of a connector footprint on a printedcircuit board, showing a signal layer in accordance with embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inventors have recognized and appreciated that, although substantialfocus has been placed on providing improved electrical connectors inorder to improve the performance of interconnection systems, at somevery high frequencies significant performance improvement may beachieved by inventive designs for printed circuit boards. In accordancewith some embodiments, improvements may be achieved by the incorporationof structures to alter the electrical properties of the printed circuitboard in a connector footprint. The structures shown and describedherein may be utilized in any type of printed circuit board, includingbut not limited to backplanes, mother boards, daughter boards,orthogonally mating daughter cards that mate with or without a midplaneand daughter cards that mate to a cable.

Those structures, for example, may include conducting structures, knownas vias, extending vertically through a printed circuit board. In someembodiments, the structures may be shadow vias which are plated orfilled with conductive material through some or all of the layers of theprinted circuit board. The shadow vias are not required to acceptcontact tails of the connector and are configured and positionedrelative to signal vias to improve performance, particularly at highfrequencies. In some embodiments, the shadow vias reduce crosstalkbetween signal vias in adjacent columns of signal vias in a connectorfootprint. In some embodiments, the shadow vias are located betweensignal vias of a differential signal pair.

Referring to FIG. 1 , an electrical interconnection system 100 with twoconnectors is shown. The electrical interconnection system 100 includesa daughter card connector 120 and a backplane connector 150.

Daughter card connector 120 is designed to mate with backplane connector150, creating electronically conducting paths between a backplane 160and a daughter card 140. Though not expressly shown, interconnectionsystem 100 may interconnect multiple daughter cards having similardaughter card connectors that mate to similar backplane connections onbackplane 160. Accordingly, the number and type of subassembliesconnected through an interconnection system is not a limitation.

FIG. 1 shows an interconnection system using a right-angle, separablemating interface connector. It should be appreciated that in otherembodiments, the electrical interconnection system 100 may include othertypes and combinations of connectors, as the invention may be broadlyapplied in many types of electrical connectors, such as right-angle,separable mating interface connectors, mezzanine connectors and chipsockets.

Backplane connector 150 and daughter connector 120 each containsconductive elements. The conductive elements of daughter card connector120 are coupled to traces, of which trace 142 is numbered, ground planesor other conductive elements within daughter card 140. The traces carryelectrical signals and the ground planes provide reference levels forcomponents on daughter card 140. Ground planes may have voltages thatare at earth ground or positive or negative with respect to earthground, as any voltage level may act as a reference level.

Similarly, conductive elements in backplane connector 150 are coupled totraces, of which trace 162 is numbered, ground planes or otherconductive elements within backplane 160. When daughter card connector120 and backplane connector 150 mate, conductive elements in the twoconnectors mate to complete electrically conductive paths between theconductive elements within backplane 160 and daughter card 140.

Backplane connector 150 includes a backplane shroud 158 and a pluralityof conductive elements. The conductive elements of backplane connector150 extend through floor 514 of the backplane shroud 158 with portionsboth above and below floor 514. Here, the portions of the conductiveelements that extend above floor 514 form mating contacts, showncollectively as mating contact portions 154, which are adapted to mateto corresponding conductive elements of daughter card connector 120. Inthe illustrated embodiment, mating contacts 154 are in the form ofblades, although other suitable contact configurations may be employed,as the disclosed technology is not limited in this regard.

Tail portions, shown collectively as contact tails 156, of theconductive elements extend below the shroud floor 514 and are adapted tobe attached to backplane 160. Here, the tail portions are in the form ofa press fit, “eye of the needle” compliant sections that fit within viaholes, shown collectively as via holes 164, on backplane 160. However,other configurations are also suitable, such as surface mount elements,spring contacts, solderable pins, etc., as the disclosed technology isnot limited in this regard.

Daughter card connector 120 includes a plurality of wafers 1221 . . .1226 coupled together, with each of the plurality of wafers 1221 . . .1226 having a housing and a column of conductive elements. In theillustrated embodiment, each column has a plurality of signal conductorsand a plurality of ground conductors as discussed below. The groundconductors may be employed within each wafer 1221 . . . 1226 to minimizecrosstalk between signal conductors or to otherwise control theelectrical properties of the connector.

In the illustrated embodiment, daughter card connector 120 is a rightangle connector and has conductive elements that traverse a right angle.As a result, opposing ends of the conductive elements extend fromperpendicular edges of the wafers 1221 . . . 1226.

Each conductive element of wafers 1221 . . . 1226 has at least onecontact tail, shown collectively as contact tails 126 that can beconnected to daughter card 140. Each conductive element in daughter cardconnector 120 also has a mating contact portion, shown collectively asmating contacts 124, which can be connected to a correspondingconductive element in backplane connector 150. Each conductive elementalso has an intermediate portion between the mating contact portion andthe contact tail, which may be enclosed by or embedded within a waferhousing.

The contact tails 126 electrically connect the conductive elementswithin daughter card and connector 120 to conductive elements, such astraces 142 in daughter card 140. In the embodiment illustrated, contacttails 126 are press fit “eye of the needle” contacts that make anelectrical connection through via holes in daughter card 140. However,any suitable attachment mechanism may be used instead of or in additionto via holes and press fit contact tails.

In the illustrated embodiment, each of the mating contacts 124 has adual beam structure configured to mate to a corresponding mating contact154 of backplane connector 150. The conductive elements acting as signalconductors may be grouped in pairs, separated by ground conductors in aconfiguration suitable for use as a differential electrical connector.However, embodiments are possible for single-ended use in which theconductive elements are evenly spaced without designated groundconductors separating signal conductors or with a ground conductorbetween each signal conductor.

In the embodiments illustrated, some conductive elements are designatedas forming a differential pair of conductors and some conductiveelements are designated as ground conductors. These designations referto the intended use of the conductive elements in an interconnectionsystem as they would be understood by one of skill in the art. Forexample, though other uses of the conductive elements may be possible,differential pairs may be identified based on preferential couplingbetween the conductive elements that make up the pair. Electricalcharacteristics of the pair, such as its impedance, that make itsuitable for carrying a differential signal may provide an alternativeor additional method of identifying a differential pair. As anotherexample, in a connector with differential pairs, ground conductors maybe identified by their positioning relative to the differential pairs.In other instances, ground conductors may be identified by their shapeor electrical characteristics. For example, ground conductors may berelatively wide to provide low inductance, which is desirable forproviding a stable reference potential, but provides an impedance thatis undesirable for carrying a high speed signal.

For exemplary purposes only, daughter card connector 120 is illustratedwith six wafers 1221 . . . 1226, with each wafer having a plurality ofpairs of signal conductors and adjacent ground conductors. As pictured,each of the wafers 1221 . . . 1226 includes one column of conductiveelements. However, the disclosed technology is not limited in thisregard, as the number of wafers and the number of signal conductors andground conductors in each wafer may be varied as desired.

As shown, each wafer 1221 . . . 1226 is inserted into front housing 130such that mating contacts 124 are inserted into and held within openingsin front housing 130. The openings in front housing 130 are positionedso as to allow mating contacts 154 of the backplane connector 150 toenter the openings in front housing 130 and allow electrical connectionwith mating contacts 124 when daughter card connector 120 is mated tobackplane connector 150.

Daughter card connector 120 may include a support member instead of orin addition to front housing 130 to hold wafers 1221 . . . 1226. In thepictured embodiment, stiffener 128 supports the plurality of wafers 1221. . . 1226. Stiffener 128 is, in the embodiment illustrated, a stampedmetal member. However, stiffener 128 may be formed from any suitablematerial. Stiffener 128 may be stamped with slots, holes, grooves orother features that can engage a wafer.

A side view of a wafer 220 is shown in FIG. 2 . Wafer 220 may correspondto each of wafers 1221, 1222, . . . , 1226 shown in FIG. 1 . Wafer 220includes a housing 260 with conductors interconnecting contact tails 126and mating contacts 124. Wafer 220 further includes insulative portions240 and lossy portions 250, as well as attachment elements 242 and 244.Further details regarding wafer 220 are provided in U.S. Pat. No.7,794,278, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

An example of a printed circuit board is described with reference toFIGS. 3 and 4 . A partial top view of backplane 160 showing a connectorfootprint 310 of vias for mating with the contact tails of backplaneconnector 150 is shown in FIG. 3 . The backplane 160 may be implementedas a printed circuit board as described below. As shown, the connectorfootprint 310 includes an array of columns of via patterns 320. Each viapattern 320 corresponds to one differential pair of signal conductorsand associated reference conductors.

Columns 322 and 324 are shown in FIG. 3 . A complete connector footprintincludes one column for each wafer in connector 120. Thus, the connectorfootprint 170 of FIG. 1 includes six columns. However, the number ofcolumns is not limited and may correspond to the number of wafers in themating connector. As further shown in FIG. 3 , adjacent columns 322 and324 are offset by a distance d in a direction 344 of the columns. Theoffset distance d may be on the order of one half the distance betweenthe centers of signal vias 330 and 332. However, this is not alimitation.

As shown, each via pattern 320 includes a first signal via 330 and asecond signal via 332, which form a differential signal pair, and groundvias 340 and 342 associated with each pair of signal vias 330, 332. Itwill be understood that each of the via patterns 320 matches a patternof contact tails of backplane connector 150 shown in FIG. 1 anddescribed above. In particular, each column of via patterns 320corresponds to one of the columns of contact tails of backplaneconnector 150. It will be understood that the parameters of theconnector footprint 310 may vary, including the number and arrangementof via patterns 320 and the configuration of each via pattern 320,provided that the connector footprint 310 matches the pattern of contacttails in backplane connector 150.

In forming the backplane 160, a ground plane 350 is partially removed,such as by patterning a copper layer on a laminate, to form an antipad352, forming a ground clearance surrounding signal vias 330 and 332, sothat the dielectric sheet of the attachment layer is exposed. The areaswhere the ground plane is removed may be called “non-conductive areas”or “antipads”. The antipad 322 has a size and shape to preclude shortingof ground plane 350 to signals vias 330 and 332, even if there is someimprecision in forming the signal vias relative to the ground plane, andto establish a desired impedance of the signal path formed by signalvias 330 and 332. In FIG. 3 , the antipad 352 is rectangular in shape.However, the antipad 352 can have any suitable shape and may haverounded corners.

A simplified cross-sectional view of a portion of backplane 160 inaccordance with embodiments is shown in FIG. 4 . The portion shown maybe representative of a signal via in a connector footprint. FIG. 4 showsthe layered structure of backplane 160 and a signal via 450 for purposesof illustration. It will be understood that an actual backplane 160includes multiple, closely-spaced vias in particular patterns asdescribed below. The backplane 160 may be implemented as a printedcircuit board.

As shown in FIG. 4 , the backplane 160 includes multiple layers. Eachlayer of the multiple layers of backplane 160 may include a conductivelayer and a dielectric sheet, so that the backplane 160 includes analternating arrangement of conductive layers and dielectric sheets. Eachconductive layer may serve as a ground plane, may be patterned to formconductive traces, or may include a ground plane and conductive tracesin different areas. The layers may be formed, during assembly, bystacking multiple sheets of laminate with patterned copper and pre-pregand then pressing them under heat to fuse all the sheets. Patterning thecopper may create traces and other conductive structures within theprinted circuit board. As a result of fusing, the layers may not bestructurally separable in a finished backplane. However, the layers maynonetheless be recognized in the fused structure based on the positionof the conductive structures.

The layers may be allocated for different functions and accordingly mayhave different structural characteristics. In some embodiments, a firstportion of the layers, those nearest a surface, may have vias ofsufficient diameter to receive contact tails of a connector mounted tothe surface. These layers may be called “attachment layers”. A secondportion of the layers may have vias of smaller diameter, providingadditional area for signal routing. These layers may be called “routinglayers”.

In the illustrated embodiment, the backplane 160 includes attachmentlayers 460, 462, etc. and routing layers 470, 472, etc. The attachmentlayers are located in an upper portion of the backplane 160, and therouting layers are located below the attachment layers. The attachmentlayers 460, 462, etc. and the routing layers 470, 472, etc. are adheredtogether to form a single structure in the form of a printed circuitboard. The number of attachment layers and the number of routing layersin a particular backplane may vary according to application.

As shown in FIG. 4 , backplane 160 may include ground planes 440 betweenthe layers of the structure and may include signal traces 442 in orbetween the routing layers. A signal trace 444 is shown as connected tosignal via 450.

The signal via 450 includes plating 452 in the attachment layers and inone or more of the routing layers. The signal via 450 may be backdrilled in a lower region 454 of the backplane 160 to remove theplating. A ground clearance 456 is provided between signal via 450 andthe ground planes 440.

As further shown in FIG. 4 , the signal via 450 has a first diameter 480in the attachment layers and a second diameter 482 in the routinglayers. The first diameter 480 is larger than the second diameter 482.In particular, the first diameter 480 is selected to accept a contacttail of the backplane connector 150, and the second diameter 482 isselected in accordance with typical via diameters for printed circuitboards. Because the signal via 450 has a relatively large first diameter480 and because the vias are closely spaced to match high densitybackplane connector 150, little area remains in attachment layers 460,462, etc. for signal routing. In routing layers 470, 472, etc. which arebelow the vias of the attachment layers, additional area is availablefor signal routing.

In some embodiments, the vias may have the same diameter in theattachment layers and in the routing layers. For example, the contactelements of the connector may attach to pads on the surface of thebackplane 160 in a surface mount configuration.

In some embodiments, the backplane 160 may include a conductive surfacelayer 490 on its top surface. The conductive surface layer 490 ispatterned to provide an antipad 492, or non-conductive area, around eachof the signal vias. The conductive surface layer 490 may be connected tosome or all of the ground vias and may provide a contact for a connectorground, such as a conductive gasket pressed between the printed circuitboard and a connector mounted to the printed circuit board or aconductive finger extending from a connector or other component attachedto the printed circuit board. The conductive gasket and/or theconductive finger may provide current flow paths between groundingstructures in the connector and in the printed circuit board, increasingthe effectiveness of the ground structures and enhancing signalintegrity.

Embodiments of a printed circuit board are described with reference toFIGS. 5A, 5B and 6 . A partial top view of an embodiment of anattachment layer, such as attachment layer 460, of the backplane 160 isshown in FIG. 5A. In the case of multiple attachment layers, each of theattachment layers of backplane 160 may have the same configuration. FIG.5A shows two columns 500 and 502 of a connector footprint 510. Each ofcolumns 500 and 502 includes via patterns, with each via patterncorresponding to a differential signal pair. Thus, column 500 includesvia patterns 520 and 522, and column 502 includes via patterns 524 and526.

As further shown in FIG. 5A, adjacent columns 500 and 502 may be offsetby a distance d in a direction of the columns 500 and 502. The offsetdistance d may be on the order of one half the distance between thecenters of the signal vias 530 and 532 (FIG. 5B). However, this is not alimitation.

In implementations of the printed circuit board, each of columns 500 and502 may include additional via patterns and the connector footprint 510may include additional columns of via patterns. The number of viapatterns in a column and the number of columns in a connector footprintare not limitations. In general, the number of columns in the connectorfootprint 510 may correspond to the number of wafers in connector 120(FIG. 1 ) and the number of via patterns in each column may correspondto the number of differential signal pairs in each wafer.

It should be appreciated that FIG. 5A is partially schematic in that allof the illustrated structures may not in all embodiments be seen in avisual inspection of the top of a printed circuit board. A coating thatobscures some of the structures may be placed over the board. Inaddition, some structures may be formed on layers below the surface ofthe board. Those layers may nonetheless be shown in a top view so thatthe relative positions of the structures in the layers may beunderstood. For example, signal traces and ground planes may not both bevisible in the same view of the board, as they are on different verticalplanes within the printed circuit board. However, because the relativepositioning of signal and ground structures may be important toperformance of a printed circuit board, both may be shown in what isreferred to as a top view.

An enlarged top view of via pattern 520 is shown in FIG. 5B. Each of thevia patterns 520, 522, 524, 526 may have the same configuration. In theexample of FIGS. 5A and 5B, each via pattern 520, 522, 524, 526 ofattachment layer 460 includes a first signal via 530 and a second signalvia 532, which form a differential signal pair. The signal vias 530 and532 extend vertically through the attachment layers and may havediameters in the attachment layers that are selected to accept thecontact tails 156 of backplane connector 150. In forming the board, aground plane 540 is partially removed, such as by patterning a copperlayer on a laminate, to form an antipad 542, forming a ground clearancebetween ground plane 540 and signal vias 530 and 532, so that thedielectric sheet of the attachment layer 460 is exposed. The antipad 542has a size and shape to preclude shorting of ground plane 540 to signalvias 530 and 532, even if there is some imprecision in forming the viasrelative to ground plane 540, and to establish a desired impedance ofthe signal path formed by signal vias 530 and 532. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 5A and 5B, antipad 542 is rectangular in shape, and the signalvias 530 and 532 are centrally located in antipad 522. However, theantipad 522 may have any suitable shape and may have rounded corners.

Each via pattern 520, 522, 524, 526 of attachment layer 460 may furtherinclude ground vias 550 and 552 associated with signal vias 530 and 532.In this example, ground via 550 is located near one end of via pattern520 adjacent to signal via 530, and ground via 552 is located near anopposite end of via pattern 520 adjacent to signal via 532. In theexample of FIGS. 5A and 5B, the ground vias 550 and 552 overlaprespective ends of antipad 542. The ground vias 550 and 552 may bedimensioned to accept corresponding contact tails 156 of backplaneconnector 150. The ground vias interconnect the ground planes of some orall of the layers of the backplane 160. In particular, the ground viasmay extend through all of the layers of the backplane 160 and may beplated with a conductive material.

Each via pattern 520, 522, 524, 526 of attachment layer 460 furtherincludes shadow vias 560 and 562 located between the first signal via530 and the second signal via 532 of the differential signal pair. Theshadow vias 560 and 562 do not accept contact tails of backplaneconnector 150 and may have a smaller diameter than the signal vias andthe ground vias. The shadow vias 560 and 562 may extend through thelayers of the backplane 160 and may be plated or filled with aconductive material to form conductive shadow vias.

As indicated above, the shadow vias 560 and 562 are located betweensignal vias 530 and 532. As shown in FIG. 5B, shadow vias 560 and 562are located on a first line 570 that is perpendicular to a second line572 that passes through signal vias 530 and 532 in a direction of thecolumns 500, 502. The first line 570 may be located midway betweensignal vias 530 and 532, such that the shadow vias 560 and 562 areequally spaced from signal vias 530 and 532. In addition, the shadowvias 560 and 562 may at least partially overlap the edges of antipad542, thus effectively electrically shorting opposite sides of antipad542 between signal vias 530 and 532 and dividing antipad 542 into twoseparate antipad sections respectively surrounding signal vias 530 and532.

The shadow vias 560 and 562 include pads 564 and 566, respectively. Insome embodiments, the pads of the shadow vias 560 and 562 physically andelectrically contact each other, while in other embodiments the pads ofthe shadow vias 560 and 562 are spaced apart and do not contact eachother.

In the example of FIG. 5A, each of via patterns 520, 522, 524 and 526includes two shadow vias located between the signal vias of eachdifferential signal pair. In further embodiments, each via pattern mayinclude a single shadow via located between the signal vias or more thantwo shadow vias. Furthermore, the shadow vias may be implemented as oneor more circular shadow vias or one or more slot-shaped shadow vias.

The connector footprint 510 shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B may further includeadditional shadow vias between adjacent via patterns in each column. Asshown in FIG. 5B, shadow vias 580 and 582 are located between viapatterns 520 and 522 and, more particularly, between ground via 552 ofvia pattern 520 and ground via 550 of via pattern 522. Additional shadowvias may be located between the other via patterns as well. Theadditional shadow vias 580 and 582 do not accept contact tails ofbackplane connector 150 and may have a smaller diameter than the signalvias and the ground vias. The additional shadow vias 580 and 582 may,for example, have the same diameters as the shadow vias 560 and 562located between the signal vias of the differential signal pair. Theadditional shadow vias 580 and 582 may extend through the layers of thebackplane 160 and may be plated or filled with a conductive material.

In the example of FIGS. 5A and 5B, additional shadow vias 580 and 582may be located on a third line 584 that is perpendicular to second line572 and is located midway between ground vias 552 and 550 of adjacentvia patterns. The additional shadow vias 580 and 582 may be equallyspaced from ground vias 550 and 552 of adjacent via patterns. Further,the additional shadow vias 580 and 582 are located outside the antipad542 of each via pattern.

In the example of FIGS. 5A and 5B, two additional shadow vias arelocated between the adjacent via patterns in each column 500, 502 of theconnector footprint 510. In further embodiments, the connector footprintmay include a single additional shadow via located between the groundvias of adjacent via patterns or more than two additional shadow vias.Furthermore, the additional shadow vias may be implemented as one ormore circular shadow vias or one or more slot-shaped shadow vias.

A simplified cross-sectional view of a portion of backplane 160 inaccordance with embodiments is shown in FIG. 6 . The portion shown maybe representative of via pattern 520 in connector footprint 510. FIG. 6shows the layered structure of backplane 160 in via pattern 520 forpurposes of illustration. It will be understood that an actual backplaneincludes multiple via patterns as described herein. The backplane 160may be implemented as a printed circuit board.

As shown in FIG. 6 , the backplane 160 includes multiple layers. Eachlayer of the multiple layers of backplane 160 may include a conductivelayer and a dielectric sheet, so that the backplane 160 includes analternating arrangement of conductive layers and dielectric sheets. Eachconductive layer may serve as a ground plane, may be patterned to formconductive traces or may include a ground plane and conductive traces indifferent areas. The layers may be formed, during assembly, by stackingmultiple sheets of laminate with patterned copper and pre-preg and thenpressing them under heat to fuse all the sheets. Patterning the coppermay create traces and other conductive structures within the printedcircuit board. As a result of fusing, the layers may not be structurallyseparable in a finished backplane. However, the layers may nonethelessbe recognized in the fused structure based on the position of theconductive structures.

The layers may be allocated for different functions and accordingly mayhave different structural characteristics. In some embodiments, a firstportion of the layers, those nearest the surface, may have vias ofsufficient diameter to receive contact tails of a connector mounted tothe surface. These layers may be called “attachment layers”. A secondportion of the layers may have vias of smaller diameter, providingadditional area for signal routing. These layers may be called “routinglayers”.

In the illustrated embodiment, the backplane 160 includes attachmentlayers 660, 662, etc. and routing layers 670, 672, etc. The attachmentlayers are located in the upper portion of the backplane 160, and therouting layers are located below the attachment layers. The attachmentlayers 660, 662, etc. and the routing layers 670, 672, etc. are adheredtogether to form a single structure in the form of a printed circuitboard. The number of attachment layers and the number of routing layersin a particular backplane may vary according to application.

As shown in FIG. 6 , backplane 160 may include ground planes 640 betweenthe layers of the structure and may include signal traces in or betweenthe routing layers. It will be understood that the ground planes 640 donot contact the signal vias 530 and 532 and may be separated from thesignal vias by providing antipad 542 (FIG. 5B). A signal trace 644 isshown as connected to signal via 530, and a signal trace 646 is shown asconnected to signal via 532.

The signal vias 530 and 532 include plating in the attachment layers andin one or more of the routing layers. The signal vias 530 and 532 may bebackdrilled in the lower region of the backplane 160 to remove theplating.

As further shown in FIG. 6 , the signal vias 530 and 532 may have afirst diameter in the attachment layers and a second diameter in therouting layers, where the first diameter is larger than the seconddiameter. In particular, the first diameter is selected to accept acontact tail of the backplane connector 150, and the second diameter isselected in accordance with typical via diameters for printed circuitboards.

In one non-limiting example, the first diameter of signal vias 530 and532 in the attachment layers is 15.7 mils and the second diameter in therouting layers is 11 mils. These diameters are primary drill diameters.The primary drill diameter is the size of the hole before the printedcircuit plating process. The center-to-center spacing of the signal vias530 and 532 may be in a range of 55 mils (1.2 mm) to 79 mils (2.0 mm),and the center-to-center spacing between columns of via patterns may bein a range of 71 mils (1.8 mm) to 98 mils (2.5 mm). In this example, theshadow vias 560, 562 have primary drill diameters of 13.8 mils and areequally spaced from signal vias 530 and 532. The ground vias 550 and 552may have primary drill diameters of 15.7 mils, and the additional shadowvias 580, 582 may have primary drill diameters of 13.8 mils. The signalvias 530 and 532 may have primary drill diameters in a range of 14 to 22mils, and the shadow vias 560 and 562 may have primary drill diametersin a range of 8 to 14 mils. The signal vias may be 3 to 6 mils larger indiameter than the shadow vias. The signal vias are dimensioned to acceptcontact tails of the connector, whereas the shadow vias are dimensionedin accordance with typical via diameters of the printed circuit board.It will be understood that these dimensions are not limiting and thatother dimensions may be utilized.

Further embodiments of a printed circuit board are described withreference to FIGS. 7 and 8 . An enlarged top view of a via pattern 720is shown in FIG. 7 . The via pattern 720 may be the same in all of thelayers of the printed circuit board above a signal breakout layer. Anenlarged top view of a via pattern 820 is shown in FIG. 8 . The viapattern 820 may be used in the signal breakout layer and shows anantipad configuration in a layer below the signal breakout layer.

The via pattern 720 of FIG. 7 may have the same configuration as the viapattern 520 of FIG. 5B, except for the antipad configuration. Inparticular, via pattern 720 includes a first antipad 740 that surroundssignal via 530 and a second antipad 742 that surrounds signal via 532.Each of the antipads 740 and 742 is an area of the respective layer ofthe printed circuit board where ground plane 540 is removed, such as bypatterning a copper layer on a laminate, to form a ground clearancebetween the ground plane 540 and the signal vias 530 and 532. Theantipads 740 and 742 have a size and shape to preclude shorting ofground plane 540 to signal vias 530 and 532, even if there is someimprecision in forming the vias relative to the ground plane 540, and toestablish a desired impedance of the signal path formed by signal vias530 and 532.

In the embodiment of FIG. 7 , the antipads 740 and 742 are rectangularin shape, and the signal vias 530 and 532 are more or less centrallylocated in the respective antipads 740 and 742. However, the antipads740 and 742 may have any suitable shape and may have rounded corners. Asshown in FIG. 7 , ground via 550 is located on one edge of antipad 740,and shadow vias 560 and 562 are located on an opposite edge of antipad740. Similarly, ground via 552 is located on one edge of antipad 742,and shadow vias 560 and 562 are located on an opposite edge of antipad742.

The embodiment of FIG. 7 provides two distinct antipads 740 and 742, onefor each of the signal vias 530 and 532, independent of theconfiguration of shadow vias 560 and 562. In contrast, the embodiment ofFIG. 5B provides a single antipad 542 that surrounds signal vias 530 and532. In the embodiment of FIG. 5B the shadow vias 560 and 562 may form aconductive bridge across antipad 542, depending on the size and locationof shadow vias 560 and 562. However, the shadow vias 560 and 562 do notnecessarily form a bridge across antipad 542 in the embodiment of FIG.5B.

In the embodiment of FIG. 8 , a routing layer that serves a signalbreakout layer for the signal vias 530 and 532 is shown. The via pattern820 of FIG. 8 may be located in the routing layers below the via pattern720 of FIG. 7 . As shown, a signal trace 850 connects to signal via 530,and a signal trace 852 connects to signal via 532. Each of the signaltraces 850 and 852 has a first width throughout most of its length and asecond width near the respective signal vias 530 and 532, wherein thesecond width is greater than the first width. The wider portions nearsignal vias 530 and 532 are provided to control impedance in the regionsnear the transition to the signal vias 530 and 532.

The via pattern 820 further includes a first antipad 860 which surroundssignal via 530 and a second antipad 862 which surrounds the signal via532. The antipads 860 and 862 may correspond to the antipads 740 and742, respectively, of FIG. 7 except that antipad 860 includes a groundplane projection 864, and antipad 862 includes a ground plane projection866. Each of the projections 864 and 866 is an area of ground plane 840that projects into the respective antipad toward the signal vias and islocated underneath the respective signal traces 850 and 852. As shown,each of the projections 864 and 866 may be curved to correspond to thecurvature of the respective signal vias 530 and 532. The projections 864and 866 are located close to, but do not physically or electricallycontact, the signal vias 530 and 532. The projections 864 and 866provide a more controlled impedance connection between the signal traces850 and 852 and the signal vias 530 and 532 than is the case where thesignal traces pass over a substantial area of the antipad where theground plane 840 has been removed. In particular, the transmission lineswhere the signal traces are spaced from the ground plane 840 extendalmost to the signal vias 530 and 532.

As described above, the printed circuit boards shown FIGS. 5A, 5B, 7 and8 and described above may include shadow vias 560 and 562 locatedbetween signal vias 530 and 532, and may include additional shadow vias580 and 582 located between adjacent via patterns. The shadow vias 560,562, 580 and 582 may be conductive shadow vias that are plated or filledwith a conductive material.

The printed circuit boards may also include ground plane 540, referredto herein as a conductive surface film 540, on its top surface. Theconductive surface film 540 may be electrically connected to ground. Theconductive surface film 540 may be formed on an uppermost dielectriclayer of the printed circuit board and may be patterned to formantipads, such as antipad 542. The conductive surface film 540 coversthe entire surface of the printed circuit board, except in areas, suchas antipads, where it is removed by a patterning process. In particular,the conductive surface film 540 surrounds each of the via patterns andsurrounds each of the antipads of the printed circuit board.

In some embodiments, the conductive shadow vias of each via pattern maybe electrically connected to the conductive surface film 540. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 5B, shadow vias 560 and 562 overlap the edgesof antipad 542 and thus are in electrical contact with conductivesurface film 540. In particular, shadow vias 560 and 562 may includepads 564 and 566, respectively, which are electrically connected toconductive surface film 540. As further shown in FIG. 5B, additionalshadow vias 580 and 582 are electrically connected to conductive surfacefilm 540. By providing grounded shadow vias in close proximity to signalvias 530 and 532, the connector footprints disclosed herein exhibitimproved performance.

The ground vias are also electrically connected to the conductivesurface film. As shown in FIG. 5B, ground vias 550 and 552 overlap theedge of antipad 542 and are electrically connected to conductive surfacefilm 540.

Backplane connector 150 shown in FIG. 1 and described above may includean electrical contact for a connector ground, such as a conductivegasket, a conductive finger, or other conductive element. The connectorground may be in electrical contact with the conductive surface film 540after the connector is installed on the printed circuit board, therebyestablishing electrical continuity between the ground of the connectorand the ground of the printed circuit board. The conductive gasket,conductive finger or other conductive element may be in physical andelectrical contact with conductive surface film 540 but is not attachedto the conductive surface film 540, such that the two elements areseparable. This configuration is in contrast to the contact tails of theconnector, which may be inserted into and soldered to respective signalvias and ground vias of the printed circuit board. The conductive gasketmay be pressed between the printed circuit board and a connector mountedto the printed circuit board. The conductive finger may extend from aconnector or other component attached to the printed circuit board. Theconductive gasket and/or the conductive finger may provide current flowpaths between grounding structures in the connector and in the printedcircuit board, increasing the effectiveness of the ground structures andenhancing signal integrity.

It will be understood that the electrical connection between theconductive shadow vias and the conductive surface film is not limited tothe via patterns shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B, 7 and 8 . The conductive shadowvias may be electrically connected to a conductive surface film in anyvia pattern which has a conductive surface film and which utilizesconductive shadow vias.

In embodiments in which a printed circuit board includes a conductivesurface layer, such as conductive surface layer 490 or conductivesurface film 540, that is contacted by a conductive structure connectingground structures within a connector or other component to groundswithin the printed circuit board, shadow vias may be positioned to shapethe current flow through the conductive surface layer. Conductive shadowvias may be placed near contact points on the conductive surface layerof members that connect to the ground structure of the connector. Forexample, if a conductive gasket or conductive finger makes such aconnection, shadow vias may be preferentially positioned near contactpoints of the gasket or conductive finger on the conductive surfacelayer. This positioning of shadow vias limits the length of a primaryconductive path from that contact point to a via that couples thatcurrent flow into the inner ground layers of the printed circuit board.

Limiting current flow in the ground conductors in a direction parallelto the surface of the board, which is perpendicular to the direction ofsignal current flow, may improve signal integrity. In some embodiments,the shadow vias may be positioned such that the length of a conductingpath through the surface layer to the nearest shadow via coupling theconductive surface layer to an inner ground layer may be less than thethickness of the printed circuit board. In some embodiments, theconducting path through the surface layer may be less than 50%, 40%,30%, 20% or 10% of the thickness of the board.

In some embodiments, shadow vias may be positioned so as to provide aconducting path through the surface layer that is less than the averagelength of the conducting paths for signals between the connector orother component mounted to the board and inner layers of the board wherethe conductive traces are connected to the signal vias. In someembodiments, the shadow vias may be positioned such that the conductingpath through the surface layer may be less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20% or10% of the average length of the signal paths.

In some embodiments, shadow vias may be positioned so as to provide aconducting path through the surface layer that is less than 5 mm. Insome embodiments, the shadow vias may be positioned such that conductingpath through the surface layer may be less than 4 mm, 3 mm, 2 mm or 1mm.

It has been discovered that connector footprints of the type shown inFIGS. 5A, 5B, 7 and 8 and described above provide improved performanceas compared with the connector footprints shown in FIG. 3 . Inparticular, the connector footprints of FIGS. 5A, 5B, 7 and 8 , exhibitreduced crosstalk between signal vias in offset adjacent columns 500 and502. The reduced crosstalk extends to very high operating frequencies,such as 18-30 GHz. The disclosed connector footprints also exhibitimproved differential mode and common mode performance.

The disclosed technology is not limited in its application to thedetails of construction and the arrangement of components set forth inthe following description or illustrated in the drawings. The disclosedtechnology is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or ofbeing carried out in various ways. Also, the phraseology and terminologyused herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regardedas limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” “having,”“containing,” or “involving,” and variations thereof herein, is meant toencompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well asadditional items.

Having thus described at least one illustrative embodiment of theinvention, various alterations, modifications and improvements willreadily occur to those skilled in the art.

For example, layers may be described as upper layers, or “above” or“below” other layers. It should be appreciated these terms are for easeof illustration and not a limitation on the orientation of layers. Inthe embodiment illustrated, “upper” refers to a direction towards asurface of a printed circuit board to which components are attached. Insome embodiments, components may be attached to two sides of a printedcircuit board, such that upper and lower may depend on which vias arebeing considered. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements areintended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be withinthe spirit and the scope of the present invention.

Further, it was described that each column of signal conductors within aconnector may comprise pairs of signal conductors with one or moreground conductors between each pair. In some embodiments, the signalconductors and ground conductors may be arranged such that each pair ofsignal conductors is between and adjacent to two ground conductors. Suchconnectors may have a footprint with pairs of signal vias 530, 532 withone or more ground vias in between each pair of signal vias, and, insome embodiments, with each pair of signal vias 530, 532 between andadjacent to two ground vias 550, 552. However, it should be appreciatedthat, in some embodiments, the ground conductors of the connector, andcorresponding ground vias 550, 552 of the printed circuit board, may beomitted from a column. Regardless of the configuration of groundconductors or ground vias, one or more shadow vias may nonetheless bedisposed between the signal vias of each pair.

Further embodiments relate to the signal layers of the backplane 160.The routing layers described above include signal layers havingconductive signal traces for routing signals from signal vias to otherelectrical components. As described below, the signal layers may includeadditional conductive structures which are connected to ground and whichare positioned between signal conductors, so as to isolate the signalconductors and to reduce crosstalk between the signal conductors. Theadditional conductive structures may be formed by patterning of aconductive film or conductive layer on the same signal layer as thesignal traces. The additional conductive structures on the signal layersare located within the area of the connector footprint and may havedifferent configurations as described below.

Further embodiments of a printed circuit board are described withreference to FIGS. 9 and 10 which show a signal layer 920. The signallayer 920 is a conductive layer formed on a dielectric layer (not shownin FIGS. 9 and 10 ). The signal layer 920 may, for example, be a signalbreakout layer.

As shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 , signal layer 920 includes columns 930 and932 of a connector footprint 940. Each of columns 930 and 932 includesvia patterns, with each via pattern corresponding to a differentialsignal pair. Column 930 includes via patterns 950 and 952, and column932 includes via patterns 954 and 956. As shown in FIG. 9 , via pattern950 includes signal vias 960 and 962; via pattern 952 includes signalvias 964 and 966; via pattern 954 includes signal vias 970 and 972; andvia pattern 956 includes signal vias 974 and 976. The signal vias may bedimensioned to accept corresponding contact tails of the connector 150.As further shown in FIG. 9 , signal layer 920 includes signal traces 980and 982 connected to signal vias 960 and 962, respectively, of viapattern 950, and signal traces 984 and 986 connected to signal vias 970and 972, respectively, of via pattern 954.

Each via pattern 950, 952, 954 and 956 further includes ground vias andshadow vias. For example, via pattern 956 includes ground vias 990 and992 and shadow vias 994 and 996. The ground vias 990 and 992 may bedimensioned to accept corresponding contact tails 156 of connector 150.The ground vias interconnect the ground planes of some or all of thelayers of the backplane 160. The shadow vias 994 and 996 do not acceptcontact tails of connector 150 and may have a smaller diameter than thesignal vias and the ground vias. The shadow vias 994 and 996 may extendthrough the layers of the backplane 160 and may be plated or filled witha conductive material to form conductive shadow vias.

The signal layer 920 further includes a ground conductor 1020 formed bypatterning of a conductive layer, such as a copper layer for example, onthe underlying dielectric layer. The ground conductor 1020 may coversome or all of the area, within the connector footprint 940, except forareas occupied by signal vias and signal traces, with a suitable spacingbetween ground conductor 1020 and any signal vias and signal traces.Thus, as shown in FIG. 9 , ground conductor 1020 surrounds signal vias960 and 962 of via pattern 950, surrounds signal vias 964 and 966 of viapattern 952, surrounds signal vias 970 and 972 of via pattern 954, andsurrounds signal vias 974 and 976 of via pattern 956. In addition,ground conductor 1020 is removed to form a non-conductive strip 1022 toallow passage of signal traces 980 and 982 and is removed to form anon-conductive strip 1024 to allow passage of signal traces 984 and 986.The ground conductor 1020 is electrically connected to ground.

Ground conductor 1020 includes a conductive strip 1030 between signaltrace 982 and signal vias 964 and 966, a conductive strip 1032 betweensignal trace 984 and signal vias 964 and 966, and a conductive strip1034 between signal trace 986 and signal vias 974 and 976. Theconductive strips 1030, 1032 and 1034, which are connected to ground,provide isolation between the signal traces and the respective signalvias, thereby reducing crosstalk. In addition, a conductive area 1040between the signal vias of via patterns 950 and 952 provides isolationand reduces crosstalk, and a conductive area 1042 between the signalvias of via patterns 954 and 956 provides isolation and reducescrosstalk.

Further embodiments of a printed circuit board are described withreference to FIG. 11 which shows a signal layer 1120. The signal layer1120 is a conductive layer formed on a dielectric layer (not shown inFIG. 11 ). The signal layer 1120 may, for example, be a signal breakoutlayer.

As shown in FIG. 11 , signal layer 1120 includes columns 1130 and 1132of a connector footprint 1140. Column 1130 includes a via pattern 1150,and column 1132 includes a via pattern 1152. Via pattern 1150 includessignal vias 1160 and 1162, and via pattern 1152 includes signal vias1164 and 1166.

Each via pattern 1150 and 1152 further includes ground vias and shadowvias. For example, via pattern 1150 includes ground vias 1170 and 1172and shadow vias 1174, 1176, 1178, 1180, 1182 and 1184. As further shownin FIG. 11 , signal layer 1120 includes signal traces 1186 and 1188which pass above via pattern 1150, and signal traces 1190 and 1192 whichpass between via patterns 1150 and 1152. The signal traces 1186, 1188,1190 and 1192 connect to other via patterns (not shown) in the connectorfootprint 1140.

The signal layer 1120 further includes a ground conductor 1194 as partof via pattern 1150 and a ground conductor 1196 as part of via pattern1152. The ground conductor 1194 surrounds the signal vias 1160 and 1162of via pattern 1150 and is electrically connected to ground via theshadow vias 1174, 1176, 1178, 1180, 1182 and 1184. Similarly, the groundconductor 1196 surrounds the signal vias 1164 and 1166 of via pattern1152 and is electrically connected to ground via the shadow vias of viapattern 1152. It will be understood that the ground conductors 1194 and1196 can have any size and shape and can be connected to ground at anyconvenient point.

As can be seen in FIG. 11 , ground conductor 1194 includes a conductivestrip 1200 between signal trace 1188 and signal vias 1160 and 1162 and aconductive strip 1202 between signal trace 1190 and signal vias 1160 and1162. In addition, ground conductor 1196 includes a conductive strip1204 between signal trace 1192 and signal vias 1164 and 1166. Theconductive strips 1200, 1202 and 1204, which are connected to ground,provide isolation between the signal traces and the respective signalvias, thereby reducing crosstalk.

Further embodiments of a printed circuit board are described withreference to FIG. 12 which shows a signal layer 1220. The signal layer1220 is a conductive layer formed on a dielectric layer (not shown inFIG. 12 ). The signal layer 1220 may, for example, be a signal breakoutlayer.

As shown in FIG. 12 , signal layer 1220 includes columns 1230 and 1232of a connector footprint 1240. Column 1230 includes a via pattern 1250,and column 1232 includes a via pattern 1252. Via pattern 1250 includessignal vias 1260 and 1262, and via pattern 1252 includes signal vias1264 and 1266. Each via pattern further includes ground vias and shadowvias as discussed above. As further shown in FIG. 12 , signal layer 1220includes signal traces 1270 and 1272 which pass between via patterns1250 and 1252, and signal traces 1274 and 1276 which pass below viapattern 1252. The signal traces 1270, 1272, 1274 and 1276 connect toother via patterns (not shown) in the connector footprint 1240.

The signal layer 1220 further includes a first ground conductor 1280associated with column 1230 and a second ground conductor 1282associated with column 1232. The ground conductor 1280 may cover some orall of the area of column 1230, except for areas occupied by signal viasand signal traces, with a suitable spacing between ground conductor 1280and any signal vias and signal traces. Similarly, ground conductor 1282may cover some or all of the area of column 1232, except for areasoccupied by signal vias and signal traces, with a suitable spacingbetween ground conductor 1282 and any signal vias and signal traces. Asshown in FIG. 12 , ground conductor 1280 surrounds signal vias 1260 and1262 of via pattern 1250, and ground conductor 1282 surrounds signalvias 1264 and 1266 of via pattern 1252. Thus, signal layer 1240 mayinclude a plurality of ground conductors according to the configurationof the signal layer. The ground conductors 1280 and 1282 areelectrically connected to ground. The signal traces 1270 and 1272 passbetween ground conductor 1280 and ground conductor 1282.

Ground conductor 1280 includes conductive strip 1290 between signaltrace 1270 and signal vias 1260 and 1262. Ground conductor 1282 includesa conductive strip 1292 between signal trace 1272 and signal vias 1264and 1266, and includes a conductive strip 1294 between signal trace 1274and signal vias 1264 and 1266. The conductive strips 1290, 1292 and1294, which are connected to ground, provide isolation between thesignal traces and the respective signal vias, thereby reducingcrosstalk.

As described herein, a signal layer of a printed circuit board isprovided with one or more ground conductors located between signalconductors to isolate the signal conductors and to reduce crosstalkbetween the signal conductors. The ground conductors are electricallyconnected to ground. The ground conductors are formed as a patternedlayer of the signal layer and may have any suitable size and shape. Forexample, the ground conductors may be formed as one or more areas withinthe connector footprint or may be formed as strips or areas of any shapeto achieve the desired isolation and to reduce crosstalk.

By way of example only, the ground conductors may be formed as a copperfilm on the same signal layer as the signal traces. In some embodiments,the signal traces of a differential pair are 5 mil wide lines and areseparated by 5 mils. In some embodiments, the ground conductors arespaced from the signal traces and the signal vias by at least 5 mils.

Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only and isnot intended to be limiting. The present invention is limited only asdefined in the following claims and the equivalents thereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for making a printed circuit boardcomprising: forming a plurality of layers including conductive layersseparated by dielectric layers, the conductive layers including at leastone signal layer; and forming via patterns in the plurality of layerswithin a connector footprint of the printed circuit board, the viapatterns including a first via pattern and a second via pattern, whereineach of the first and second via patterns includes first and secondsignal vias and first and second ground vias, wherein forming the signallayer includes patterning the signal layer to include a conductorlocated between the first via pattern and the second via pattern andconfigured for connection to a reference voltage, and patterning thesignal layer to include at least one signal trace located between andspaced from the first and second via patterns, wherein the conductor isformed in the signal layer between the at least one signal trace and thefirst via pattern.
 2. The method for making a printed circuit board asdefined in claim 1, wherein the via patterns include first and secondcolumns of via patterns and wherein forming the signal layer includesforming the conductor between the first and second columns of viapatterns.
 3. The method for making a printed circuit board as defined inclaim 1, wherein forming the conductor includes forming a plurality ofconductors configured for connection to the reference voltage.
 4. Themethod for making a printed circuit board as defined in claim 1, whereinthe conductor is formed as a conductive strip between the via patternsand is configured for connection to ground.
 5. A method for making aprinted circuit board comprising: forming a plurality of layersincluding conductive layers separated by dielectric layers, theconductive layers including at least one signal layer; and forming viapatterns in the plurality of layers within a connector footprint of theprinted circuit board, the via patterns including a first via patternand a second via pattern, wherein each of the first and second viapatterns includes first and second signal vias and first and secondground vias, wherein forming the signal layer includes patterning thesignal layer to include at least one signal trace located between andspaced from the first and second via patterns, a first conductor locatedbetween the first via pattern and the at least one signal trace, and asecond conductor located between the second via pattern and the at leastone signal trace, and wherein the first conductor and the secondconductor are formed in the signal layer and are configured forconnection to a reference voltage.
 6. The method for making a printedcircuit board as defined in claim 5, wherein the first conductor and thesecond conductor are formed as conductive strips between the viapatterns and are configured for connection to ground.